The Linux file system starts with '/', the root directory.
All other directories are 'children' of this directory. The partition which
the root file system resides on is mounted first during boot and the system
won't boot if it doesn't find it.
In Mandrake Linux, '/' contains these sub-directories:
- /bin
- '/bin' contains essential system programs that must
be available even if only the partition containing '/' is mounted. This may
be necessary if you have to repair other partitions. It also contains programs
which the boot script '/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit' relies on.
- /boot
- Home of the kernel, the System.map, GRUB's configuration
files, and other important boot files.
- /dev
- '/dev' contains the device files. Unix handles all
In/Out operations via files (e.g. a file sent to '/dev/lp0' gets printed).
Evidently these are needed during boot for hardware initialization.
- /etc
- All important system-wide configuration files are
in here or in one of its sub-directories.
- /home
- Here are the users' home directories located. In
pre-ML 7.2 releases, it also contained the serving directory of the Apache
web server ('/home/httpd').
- /lib
- Essential libs needed for basic system functionality.
Kernel modules ('drivers') are in the subdirectory '/lib/modules/$(uname
-r)'.
- /lost&found
- If a file system check discovers any 'loose' file
fragments, it puts them in here. Each partition has its own 'lost&found'
directory.
If you find files in there, try to move them back to their original location.
If you find something like broken symbolic link to file,
you have to reinstall the file(s) from the corresponding RPM, since your
file system got damaged so badly that the files were mutilated beyond recognition.
- /mnt
- By convention '/mnt' contains the directories external
media and non-system partitions are mounted to, like '/mnt/floppy' or '/mnt/cdrom'.
- /proc
- '/proc' is a bogus file system. It doesn't contain
'real' files but runtime system information (e.g. system memory, devices
mounted, hardware used etc.). You can read most of these files with 'less'
(More on processes).
- /root
- This is the home directory of the System Administrator,
'root'. This may be somewhat confusing ('root on root') but in former days,
'/' wasroot's home directory (hence the name of the Administrator
account). To keep things tidier and safer, 'root' got his own home directory.
Why not in '/home'? Because '/home' is often located on a different partition
or even on another system and would thus be inaccessible to 'root' when -
for some reason - only '/' is mounted.
- /sbin
- Unix discriminates between 'normal' executables and
those used for system maintenance or administrative tasks. The latter reside
either here or - the less important ones - in '/usr/sbin'. For security reasons,
these directories are not part of users' PATHs, only of 'root's.
- /tmp
- This directory contains, um, well, temporary files
;-). Do notremove files from this directory unless you know exactly
what you are doing! Many of these files are important for currently running
programs and deleting them may result in a system crash. Usually it won't
contain more than a few KB anyway.
- /usr
- '/usr' usually the largest chunk of data on a system.
It contains all files that might be shared by the users of a system during
normal operation, like executables, documentation, libraries or the X system.
- /var
- Contains variable data like system logging files,
mail and printer spool directories. Why not put it into '/usr'? Because there
might be circumstances when you want to mount '/usr' as read-only, e.g. if
it is on a CD or on another computer (amazing what one can do with Linux,
isn't it? ;-)). '/var' contains variable data, i.e. files and directories
the system must be able to write to during operation, whereas '/usr' should
only contain static data.
Some of these directories can be put onto separate partitions
or systems, e.g. for easier backups, due to network topology or security
concerns. Other directories have to be on the root partition, because
they are vital for the boot process.
'Mountable' directories are: '/home', '/mnt', '/tmp', '/usr' and '/var'.Essential
for booting are: '/bin', '/boot', '/dev', '/etc', '/lib', '/proc' and '/sbin'.
section index top
/etc, /home/,
/var
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